cite: implies a bringing forward of something as relevant or specific to an inquiry or discussion: asked to ~ a single piece of legislation enacted to relieve the situation.  （inquire询问调查，通过提问问题来查证事实implies a searching for facts or for truth often specifically by asking questions，如began to inquire into the charges of espionage开始调查间谍指控，等于investigation，和question来自一个词根QUI表示seek,obtain寻找寻获, 与require,acquire,inquisition,perquisition同根）


advance: stresses the notion of bringing forward for consideration or study: the idea has been ~d as a theoretical possibility.  consider指一般的考虑，  这里study不是'学习'，而是指深入研究，一般的学习是learn


allege: often carries a strong suggestion of doubt about the validity of what is brought forward: tried the ~d perpetrator; and sometimes amounts to a disclaimer of responsibility for the assertion: the existence, real or ~d, of ghosts.  罪犯作恶者   （disclaim否认有责任或所有权，拒绝承认to deny, refuse to accept the responsibility or ownership，如the school disclaimed any responsibility for his death学校否认对他的死亡有责任，如disclaimed in equal measure the virtues and vices attributed to her一概拒绝承认别人归给她的美得或恶行）   A amounts to B表示AB相等或接近A is the same with B, 如the confessions were obtained by what amounts to torture这些供状是用近乎逼供的方式得来的


adduce: more specifically applies to a bringing forth of evidence, facts, instances, or arguments in support of a position or contention: reasons ~d by those who doubt the reality of UFOs.     bring forward和bring forth都表示提出。forward表示从后向前，forth表示从内向外，但两个词组意思相同         contention争论


cite引述: 指提出关于当前调查讨论的事情，advance提出: 强调供考虑或研究，allege声称: 表示对所提出的强烈怀疑，有时近乎否认对该声称主张有责任，adduce引证: 为了支撑观点而提出证据事实实例论据


记忆方法: 1）首字母CAAA想成As Careful As Aristotle像亚里士多德一样小心<==引证要小心

         2）引证的意思是作为解释证明阐明而提出mean to bring forward as in explanation, proof, or illustrations.